Gum disease doesn't happen overnight—it progresses in stages. In the early stage (gingivitis), the damage is reversible. In the advanced stage (periodontitis), bone and supporting structures are lost, and the damage is permanent. Knowing the difference can help you understand why early treatment matters—and what to watch for. Here's a clear breakdown.
Early Gum Disease: Gingivitis
Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup. At this stage:
- The gums are affected — Red, swollen, tender, or bleeding when you brush or floss
- The bone is intact — No bone loss has occurred
- It's reversible — With professional cleaning and improved home care, the gums can return to health
Gingivitis is common. Many people have it at some point. The key is to address it before it progresses. A thorough cleaning, combined with consistent brushing and flossing, can resolve it.
Advanced Gum Disease: Periodontitis
When gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis. At this stage:
- The infection has spread — Bacteria have moved below the gumline
- Bone is being lost — The structures that hold teeth in place are damaged
- Pockets form — The space between the gum and tooth deepens as bone is lost
- Teeth can become loose — As support is lost, teeth may shift or loosen
- Damage is permanent — Lost bone doesn't grow back on its own
Periodontitis requires professional treatment—typically scaling and root planing (deep cleaning), and sometimes surgery. The goal is to stop the progression and prevent further loss. What's lost cannot be restored without regenerative procedures—and even those have limits.
The Progression
Gingivitis → Untreated → Periodontitis (mild) → Moderate → Severe
The transition from gingivitis to periodontitis can happen over months or years. It's often silent—you may not feel pain until the disease is advanced. That's why regular dental exams and cleanings are essential. Your dentist measures pocket depths and checks for bone loss, catching problems before you notice them.
What You Can Do
- Prevent gingivitis — Brush twice daily, floss daily, and get professional cleanings every 6 months (or as recommended)
- Treat gingivitis early — If you notice bleeding gums, don't ignore it. Schedule a cleaning and step up your home care
- Address periodontitis promptly — If you've been diagnosed, follow through with recommended treatment. Stopping the disease saves teeth
The Bottom Line
Early gum disease is reversible. Advanced gum disease is manageable but not fully reversible. The difference is timing. Act early—your teeth and your health will thank you.