Gum disease is one of the leading causes of tooth loss in adults—and here's the catch: it often develops silently. Many people don't realize they have it until it's reached an advanced stage. The good news? When caught early, gum disease is treatable and even reversible. The key is knowing what to look for and acting quickly.
Let's walk through the early and advanced signs of gum disease, what causes it, and—most importantly—what you should do if you notice any of these symptoms.
Early Signs (Gingivitis)
In its earliest stage, gum disease is called gingivitis. At this point, the gums are inflamed but the underlying bone and connective tissue are still intact. Watch for:
- Red or swollen gums — Healthy gums are firm and pink. If yours look puffy, dark red, or inflamed, it's worth a closer look.
- Bleeding when brushing or flossing — A little pink in the sink isn't "normal"—it's often one of the first signs of gingivitis.
- Persistent bad breath — Bacteria below the gumline can produce odors that brushing alone can't eliminate.
- Tender gums — Discomfort when brushing, flossing, or eating may indicate inflammation.
The encouraging news? At this stage, gum disease is reversible with professional care and improved daily hygiene. A thorough cleaning, combined with consistent brushing and flossing, can often restore gum health completely.
Advanced Signs (Periodontitis)
When gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis—a more serious form of gum disease that affects the structures supporting your teeth. Signs include:
- Receding gums — Teeth may appear longer as gum tissue pulls away from the tooth surface.
- Loose teeth — As bone and ligaments are damaged, teeth can become mobile.
- Deep pockets around teeth — Your dentist measures these during an exam; deeper pockets indicate more advanced disease.
- Bone loss — Visible on X-rays; once bone is lost, it cannot regenerate on its own.
Once bone loss occurs, treatment becomes more complex. Deep cleanings (scaling and root planing), possible surgical intervention, and ongoing maintenance are typically needed. That's why early detection matters so much.
What Causes Gum Disease?
Gum disease is primarily caused by plaque—the sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth. When plaque isn't removed effectively, it hardens into tartar, which can only be removed by a professional. Factors that increase risk include:
- Poor oral hygiene
- Smoking and tobacco use
- Diabetes
- Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menopause)
- Genetic factors
- Certain medications that reduce saliva
- Crooked teeth that are hard to clean
Understanding your risk factors can help you and your dentist create a prevention and treatment plan tailored to you.
What You Should Do
If you notice any of the symptoms above, don't wait. Here's your action plan:
- Schedule a dental exam immediately — Only a professional can accurately diagnose gum disease and determine its stage.
- Improve daily brushing and flossing — Your dentist or hygienist can show you the most effective techniques for your situation.
- Follow recommended treatment — Whether that's a routine cleaning, a deep cleaning, or periodontal therapy, sticking to the plan is essential for recovery.
Early intervention can save your teeth—and your smile. Gum disease is common, but it doesn't have to define your oral health. With the right care, you can get back on track.