TMJ disorder (TMD) affects the temporomandibular joint—the hinge that connects your jaw to your skull—and the muscles that control jaw movement. It can cause pain, clicking, headaches, and difficulty chewing. But what causes it? The answer isn't always simple. TMJ disorder can have multiple contributing factors, and often it's a combination of things. Here are the most common causes and what you can do about them.
Teeth Grinding and Clenching (Bruxism)
Grinding or clenching your teeth—especially at night—puts significant stress on the TMJ and the muscles that control it. Over time, this can lead to inflammation, muscle fatigue, and joint strain. Bruxism is one of the most common contributors to TMJ disorder. Stress often plays a role. A custom night guard can help by cushioning the joint and reducing the force of grinding.
Jaw Misalignment or Bite Issues
When your teeth don't come together properly (malocclusion), the jaw may be forced into an unnatural position. This can strain the joint and muscles. Bite issues can be caused by crooked teeth, missing teeth, or restorations that don't fit correctly. Bite adjustments or orthodontic treatment may help in some cases.
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis can affect the TMJ, causing degeneration of the joint cartilage, pain, and limited movement. Arthritis is more common in older adults but can occur at any age. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preserving function.
Trauma or Injury
A blow to the jaw, whiplash, or other trauma can damage the joint or the surrounding structures. Even an injury from years ago can contribute to ongoing TMJ issues. If you've had jaw trauma, it's worth mentioning to your dentist.
Stress and Muscle Tension
Stress often leads to clenching, poor posture, and increased muscle tension—including in the jaw and neck. These can exacerbate or trigger TMJ symptoms. Stress management, relaxation techniques, and physical therapy can help.
Other Factors
- Genetics — Some people may be more prone to TMJ issues
- Hormonal factors — Some research suggests a link between hormones and TMJ disorder, particularly in women
- Connective tissue disorders — Conditions that affect joints elsewhere can affect the TMJ
- Habits — Chewing gum excessively, biting nails, or resting your chin on your hand can contribute
What You Can Do
If you're experiencing TMJ symptoms, schedule an evaluation. Your dentist can assess your jaw function, bite, and muscles, and recommend treatment—which may include a night guard, bite adjustment, physical therapy, or referral to a specialist. Many cases improve with conservative care.
The Bottom Line
TMJ disorder rarely has a single cause—it's often a combination of factors. Understanding what's contributing to your symptoms is the first step toward finding relief. Don't suffer in silence; help is available.